Chinese Brushwork in Calligraphy and Painting Essay

Chinese Brushwork in Calligraphy and Painting - Essay Example The essay "Chinese Brushwork in Calligraphy and Painting" explores the history and development of Chinese Brushwork in Calligraphy and Painting. The term calligraphy, in an approving way, illustrates the Chinese use of line of painting. Brushwork can be described as an indispensable characteristic of Chinese painting. Brushwork and ink provide the basis for Chinese pictures even with employment of color. Chinese art Cognoscenti recognize the character of a line the moment they cite a painting. Chinese writing and painting developed simultaneously sharing the same techniques and tools. Some types of brushes able to create rhythmically diminishing and swelling lines developed between 4500 and 2000 BC embellished linear patterns on pottery jars. Block-like symbols characterize Chinese writing. These bock-like symbols stand for ideas. These symbols are referred to as the characters which evolved from pictograms. The ancient painters and calligraphers regularized the symbols where they de signed each one the symbols to conform to an imaginary square, whether composed of one or 64 strokes. The ancient Chinese calligraphers and painters drew the strokes in regard to a character in a certain order. Calligraphy developed swiftly yielding numerous classes of script. Regular and clerical scripts consist of short, detached strokes easily written with a brush. As the delight of writing took charge, calligraphers devised more techniques, as well as the cursive and running scripts where the calligraphers joined. character’s lines and dots they wrote independently in formal styles (Fazzioli, 1986, p. 35). The earliest form of Chinese writings was the oracle bones referred to as chia-ku-we. These writings were mainly used for sacred functions e.g. connecting with the gods. Chia-ku-we was an oracle-bone with inscriptions on tortoise shells and animal bones (Kwo, 1990, p. 61-63). Chuan-shu, a seal script, characterized the Second evolution of Chinese calligraphy. This form of writing emanated from oracle-bone script. The script was compatible other plans that calligraphers used previously (Kwo, 1990, p. 60). Another change was made to design an aspect that came up with clerical script, known as li shu. Calligraphers and painters wrote the design on silk and paper (Fazzioli, 1986, p. 67). This allowed additional fluid strokes. This is unlike previous cast of iron. The breakthrough of coming up with clerical script, which used brushes and ink marked the starting of calligraphy as a mode of expressing through art. The discovery of clerical script did not mark the end of calligraphy development, but it opened up chances for more improvements. Some of the later designed that improved the calligraphy writings include cursive script, standard script, and running a script (Kwo, 1990, p. 66). Cursive script started as a shorthand technique used in writing personal letters and notes inclusive of the writer and close friends. Invention of this script took place in the early second century B.C.E. Since cursive script allowed for more personalization, it became a channel for â€Å"individual expression that sometimes transcended the contents of the texts†. Creation of Kai-shu happened in efforts to improve the clerical script. It started from the Han Dynasty. Calligraphy gurus of Tang reign altered the previous script from the six reigns and created a â€Å"bold yet elegant standard-type script† (Nakata, 1982, p. 25) that balanced composition of character with brush movement. A simplified version and a freehand method of standard script were referred to as the running script

Financing and Real Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financing and Real Investment - Essay Example The Ryan family of UK started the business with 1 15-seater Bandeirante aircraft and 25 staffs. Within the span of less than 30 years, it has become the best low cost line service provider in entire European market. It is operating in the European market with 8,896 staffs, 272 Boeing 737-800 serving more than 73,553,580 passengers annually. It has achieved tremendous growth in terms of finance, passengers and market share. Its no-frill strategy for low cost has made it to achieve cost leadership in their entire Europe (RyanAir, â€Å"History of RyanAir†). Competitive Position of RyanAir With rapid growth of passengers and market share, it is become the leader of low cost airline industry. Its effective no-frill strategy for low cost leadership has brought a revolution in the market. It has been able to achieve the upper hand position in the market by offering lowest prices, by serving the largest coverage and by achieving the highest traffic growth. The following figure presen ts a comparison of low cost competitors in the European market. ... Financing and Real Investment Activities in RyanAir With the increasing market share and increasing volume of operational business, RyanAir requires a significant amount of aircraft and other assets including plant, property and equipment. As per the reported consolidated balance sheet of 2011, RyanAir has increased its net value of plant, equipment and property by â‚ ¬619.5 million. The consolidated cash flow of RyanAir has presented the â‚ ¬897.2 million outflow of cash in 2011 comparing to â‚ ¬997.8 millions in 2010. However, 2011, RyanAir has made lower investment comparing to the previous years but, management has decided to invest in the real assets with increasing market share (RyanAir-c, p.3-8). The financial activities of RyanAir also show a positive indication. The management has disclosed that within the last three years, RyanAir has returned â‚ ¬850 million to its shareholders but still its financial position is quite. In 2011, the net cash flow from financing activities has reduced in 2011 as it has repaid the long term borrowings of â‚ ¬280.7 million and also pain dividend to shareholders of â‚ ¬500.0 million. This is good indication for the shareholders as in spite of paying â‚ ¬500.0 million of dividends its retained earnings stood at â‚ ¬1,967.6 million. Besides, the company has also made investments in financial assets and derivatives in the previous years and in 2011, it holds the Derivative financial instruments of â‚ ¬23.9 million and Available for sale financial assets of â‚ ¬114.0 million (RyanAir-c, p.3-8). A5 Introduction In order to assess the financial condition of any organisation, the financial analysis techniques are quite necessary important. However, for the financial analysis techniques, certain skills are required which is